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The new JdbcClient Introduced in Spring Framework 6.1

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Spring framework 6.1 introduced a new JdbcClient API, which is a wrapper on top of JdbcTemplate, for performing database operations using a fluent API.

Spring Boot 3.2 includes Spring framework 6.1, so let’s take a quick look at how we can use JdbcClient to implement various database operations in a simplified manner.

First, let’s go to https://start.spring.io/ and create a Spring Boot application by selecting Spring JDBC, PostgreSQL Driver, Flyway Migration, and Testcontainers starters.

Create Bookmark domain class

Let’s start with creating a Java record representing a Bookmark as follows:

import java.time.Instant;

public record Bookmark(Long id, String title, String url, Instant createdAt) {}

Create Flyway Migration Script

Let’s add the following migration script under src/main/resources/db/migration directory.

V1__create_tables.sql

create table bookmarks
(
    id         bigserial primary key,
    title      varchar   not null,
    url        varchar   not null,
    created_at timestamp
);

Implementing CRUD operations using JdbcClient

Let’s implement CRUD operations on Bookmark domain class using JdbcClient API.

@Repository
@Transactional(readOnly = true)
public class BookmarkRepository {
    private final JdbcClient jdbcClient;

    public BookmarkRepository(JdbcClient jdbcClient) {
        this.jdbcClient = jdbcClient;
    }
    ...
    ...
    ...
}

Fetch all bookmarks

We can fetch all bookmarks using JdbcClient as follows:

public List<Bookmark> findAll() {
    String sql = "select id, title, url, created_at from bookmarks";
    return jdbcClient.sql(sql).query(Bookmark.class).list();
}

The JdbcClient API will take care of dynamically creating a RowMapper by using SimplePropertyRowMapper. It will perform the mapping between bean property names to table column names by converting camelCase to underscore notation.

If you need more control over the mapping, you can create a RowMapper yourself and use it as follows:

public List<Bookmark> findAll() {
    String sql = "select id, title, url, created_at from bookmarks";
    return jdbcClient.sql(sql).query(new BookmarkRowMapper()).list();
}

static class BookmarkRowMapper implements RowMapper<Bookmark> {
    @Override
    public Bookmark mapRow(ResultSet rs, int rowNum) throws SQLException {
        return new Bookmark(
                rs.getLong("id"),
                rs.getString("title"),
                rs.getString("url"),
                rs.getTimestamp("created_at").toInstant()
        );
    }
}

Find bookmark By ID

We can fetch a bookmark by id using JdbcClient as follows:

public Optional<Bookmark> findById(Long id) {
    String sql = "select id, title, url, created_at from bookmarks where id = :id";
    return jdbcClient.sql(sql).param("id", id).query(Bookmark.class).optional();
    
    // If you want to use your own RowMapper
    //return jdbcClient.sql(sql).param("id", id).query(new BookmarkRowMapper()).optional();
}

Create a new bookmark

We can use PostgreSQL INSERT INTO … RETURNING COL1, COL2 syntax and then use KeyHolder to get the generated primary key value.

So, we can insert a new row into the bookmarks table and get the generated primary key value as follows:

@Transactional
public Long save(Bookmark bookmark) {
    String sql = "insert into bookmarks(title, url, created_at) values(:title,:url,:createdAt) returning id";
    KeyHolder keyHolder = new GeneratedKeyHolder();
    jdbcClient.sql(sql)
                .param("title", bookmark.title())
                .param("url", bookmark.url())
                .param("createdAt", Timestamp.from(bookmark.createdAt()))
                .update(keyHolder);
    return keyHolder.getKeyAs(Long.class);
}

Update a bookmark

We can update a bookmark as follows:

@Transactional
public void update(Bookmark bookmark) {
    String sql = "update bookmarks set title = ?, url = ? where id = ?";
    int count = jdbcClient.sql(sql)
            .param(1, bookmark.title())
            .param(2, bookmark.url())
            .param(3, bookmark.id())
            .update();
    if (count == 0) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Bookmark not found");
    }
}

In the update(…) method, I have used positional parameters (?) instead of using named parameters (:title) for the demonstration purpose. I highly recommend using named parameters over positional parameters.

Delete a bookmark

We can delete a bookmark as follows:

@Transactional
public void delete(Long id) {
    String sql = "delete from bookmarks where id = ?";
    int count = jdbcClient.sql(sql).param(1, id).update();
    if (count == 0) {
        throw new RuntimeException("Bookmark not found");
    }
}

Test Repository using Testcontainers

We should always make sure that the database is in a known state so that we can write predictable assertions. So, let’s create src/test/resources/test-data.sql file with the following content:

TRUNCATE TABLE bookmarks;
ALTER SEQUENCE bookmarks_id_seq RESTART WITH 1;

INSERT INTO bookmarks(title, url, created_at) VALUES
('How (not) to ask for Technical Help?','https://sivalabs.in/how-to-not-to-ask-for-technical-help', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP),
('Getting Started with Kubernetes','https://sivalabs.in/getting-started-with-kubernetes', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP),
('Few Things I learned in the HardWay in 15 years of my career','https://sivalabs.in/few-things-i-learned-the-hardway-in-15-years-of-my-career', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP),
('All the resources you ever need as a Java & Spring application developer','https://sivalabs.in/all-the-resources-you-ever-need-as-a-java-spring-application-developer', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP),
('SpringBoot Integration Testing using Testcontainers Starter','https://sivalabs.in/spring-boot-integration-testing-using-testcontainers-starter', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP),
('Testing SpringBoot Applications','https://sivalabs.in/spring-boot-testing', CURRENT_TIMESTAMP)
;

Now, we can add the annotation @Sql("/test-data.sql") to our test class so that before running each test, the specified SQL script will be executed.

Let’s test our BookmarkRepository, of course, using Testcontainers as follows:

package com.sivalabs.bookmarks.domain;

import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.jdbc.JdbcTest;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.simple.JdbcClient;
import org.springframework.test.context.jdbc.Sql;

import java.time.Instant;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;

import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;

@JdbcTest(properties = {
   "spring.test.database.replace=none",
   "spring.datasource.url=jdbc:tc:postgresql:16-alpine:///db"
})
@Sql("/test-data.sql")
class BookmarkRepositoryTest {

    @Autowired
    JdbcClient jdbcClient;

    BookmarkRepository bookmarkRepository;

    @BeforeEach
    void setUp() {
        bookmarkRepository = new BookmarkRepository(jdbcClient);
    }

    @Test
    void shouldFindAllBookmarks() {
        List<Bookmark> bookmarks = bookmarkRepository.findAll();
        assertThat(bookmarks).isNotEmpty();
        assertThat(bookmarks).hasSize(6);
    }

    @Test
    void shouldCreateBookmark() {
        Bookmark bookmark = new Bookmark(null, "My Title", "https://sivalabs.in", Instant.now());
        Long id = bookmarkRepository.save(bookmark);
        assertThat(id).isNotNull();
    }

    @Test
    void shouldGetBookmarkById() {
        Bookmark bookmark = new Bookmark(null, "My Title", "https://sivalabs.in", Instant.now());
        Long id = bookmarkRepository.save(bookmark);

        Optional<Bookmark> bookmarkOptional = bookmarkRepository.findById(id);
        assertThat(bookmarkOptional).isPresent();
        assertThat(bookmarkOptional.get().id()).isEqualTo(id);
        assertThat(bookmarkOptional.get().title()).isEqualTo(bookmark.title());
        assertThat(bookmarkOptional.get().url()).isEqualTo(bookmark.url());
    }

    @Test
    void shouldEmptyWhenBookmarkNotFound() {
        Optional<Bookmark> bookmarkOptional = bookmarkRepository.findById(9999L);
        assertThat(bookmarkOptional).isEmpty();
    }

    @Test
    void shouldUpdateBookmark() {
        Bookmark bookmark = new Bookmark(null, "My Title", "https://sivalabs.in", Instant.now());
        Long id = bookmarkRepository.save(bookmark);

        Bookmark changedBookmark = new Bookmark(id, "My Updated Title", "https://www.sivalabs.in", bookmark.createdAt());
        bookmarkRepository.update(changedBookmark);

        Bookmark updatedBookmark = bookmarkRepository.findById(id).orElseThrow();
        assertThat(updatedBookmark.id()).isEqualTo(changedBookmark.id());
        assertThat(updatedBookmark.title()).isEqualTo(changedBookmark.title());
        assertThat(updatedBookmark.url()).isEqualTo(changedBookmark.url());
    }

    @Test
    void shouldDeleteBookmark() {
        Bookmark bookmark = new Bookmark(null, "My Title", "https://sivalabs.in", Instant.now());
        Long id = bookmarkRepository.save(bookmark);

        bookmarkRepository.delete(id);

        Optional<Bookmark> optionalBookmark = bookmarkRepository.findById(id);
        assertThat(optionalBookmark).isEmpty();
    }
}

We have used the Testcontainers special JDBC URL to start PostgreSQL database and run the tests using it.

Spring Boot Tutorials

You can find more Spring Boot tutorials on Spring Boot Tutorials page.

Summary

The new JdbcClient API provides a nice fluent API to implement data access layer using JDBC. While you can still use good old JdbcTemplate, I would highly recommend using JdbcClient over JdbcTemplate going forward.

You can find the sample code for this tutorial in this GitHub repository.

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